Global Health on Edge: Urgent Call to Tackle 11 Dangerous Infectious Diseases by 2025

As we approach 2025, the medical community is increasingly concerned about a range of infectious diseases that could pose significant threats to global health. The World Health Organization (WHO) has highlighted 11 infectious diseases, with an emphasis on the enigmatic Disease X, which represents the potential for an unknown pathogen to unleash a new pandemic. Disease X is not an actual infection but a term used to describe a yet-to-be-identified virus or bacteria that has the potential to cause large outbreaks. Dr. Michael Head, a Senior Research Fellow in Global Health, warns that the world remains ill-prepared for such an event, echoing the initial global unpreparedness experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic. With recent cases reported in the Democratic Republic of Congo, where over 400 undiagnosed cases have emerged, the urgency for vigilance is clear. The list of diseases that experts are worried about includes familiar foes such as measles, cholera, and scabies, as well as mosquito-borne illnesses like dengue and chikungunya. Measles, in particular, has seen a resurgence, driven by declining vaccination rates. The number of children vaccinated against this highly contagious disease fell from 86% in 2019 to 83% in 2023, leading to over 107,000 deaths worldwide last year, most of whom were under five years old. Experts urge that with proper vaccination campaigns, measles could be eradicated, much like smallpox. Cholera remains a global threat, with up to 143,000 deaths annually linked to this diarrheal disease, particularly among vulnerable populations in regions affected by climate change and forced migration. The WHO has classified cholera as a significant public health threat, and while cases are rare in Europe, the risk of resurgence remains high. Mosquito-borne diseases, such as dengue and chikungunya, are increasingly concerning as warmer climates allow these viruses to spread beyond their traditional ranges. With tens of millions of dengue cases reported annually and rising cases of chikungunya in South America, health officials are wary of an outbreak in southern Europe, including countries like France, Italy, and Spain. Bird flu, or avian influenza, is another illness of note. Although human infections remain rare, the potential for a pandemic exists if the virus mutates to allow efficient human-to-human transmission. Precaution is necessary as the virus can rapidly evolve, raising alarms among health professionals. Antimicrobial resistance poses a growing challenge, as infections resistant to common antibiotics become more prevalent. The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) has flagged the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, particularly strains of E. coli, which can lead to severe health complications. This trend underscores the importance of responsible antibiotic use and public health education. Whooping cough is currently on the rise in the UK, with over 10,000 confirmed cases reported in a recent outbreak. The disease can be deadly, particularly for infants, highlighting the need for robust vaccination programs to protect the most vulnerable populations. Lastly, the continued presence of scabies, a condition caused by mites that burrow under the skin, has seen a significant increase in England, with cases rising by 58% in the first half of 2024 compared to the previous year. While scabies is not life-threatening, it can drastically affect quality of life, especially in crowded living conditions. As we navigate the complex terrain of public health, experts emphasize the necessity for global preparedness and proactive health measures. The threats posed by these diseases are interconnected with societal issues such as vaccination uptake, climate change, and healthcare accessibility. With a vigilant approach, communities can work together to mitigate these risks and safeguard public health in the coming years.